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FRED JOHNSON LIKES PIEhttp://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=744| format= | postscript= <!--None-->}} {{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> which are usually [[Western culture|Western]] in origin. For this reason it has often been perceived as largely equivalent to [[Westernization]] and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity.<ref name=fawcett/> In the [[Middle East]] the decade of globalization was marked by endless wars, intrusive US [[hegemony]], renewed economic dependency and continuing insecurity.<ref name= hinnebusch>{{cite book | author= Hinnebusch, Raymond | title= The International Politics of the Middle East | publisher= Manchester University Press| year=2003 | isbn=0-7190-5346-3}}</ref> Globalization was ushered into the [[Middle East]] by a war which gave the [[Western world|Western]] victors excessive power over the region <ref name= hinnebusch/> and created a violent [[anti-globalization]] struggle. As some authors argue, it has strengthened [[Islamic fundamentalism]] <ref name=griffel>{{Cite news| author= Griffel, Frank| title = Globalization and the Middle East: Part Two | newspaper = YaleGlobal| date = 21 January 2003| url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=771| format= | postscript= <!--None-->}} {{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> and, due to its ambiguity created a contradictory and tension filled situation.<ref name=kellner >{{cite book | author= Kellner, Douglas| title= "Globalization, Terrorism and Democracy : 9/11 and its Aftermath", in : Confronting Globalization : Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics | publisher= Basingstoke [etc.] : Palgrave Macmillan | year=2005 |pages = 172–188}}</ref> Globalization thus often acted as an obstacle rather than an impetus to [[democratization]]. |
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[[Globalization]] has been internalized in Arabic as “awlaama” <ref name=fawcett >{{cite book | author= Clement, M. Henry| title= "The clash of Globalisations in the Middle East" in Louise Fawcett (ed.), "International Relations of the Middle East" | publisher= Oxford: The University Press | year=2005 | isbn=0-19-926963-7|pages = 105–112}}</ref> and refers to the spread throughout the globe of ideas, customs, institutions, and attitudes originated in one part of the world <ref name= rubin>{{Cite news| author= Rubin, Barry| title = Globalization and the Middle East: Part One | newspaper = YaleGlobal| date = 16 January 2003| url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=744| format= | postscript= <!--None-->}} {{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> which are usually [[Western culture|Western]] in origin. For this reason it has often been perceived as largely equivalent to [[Westernization]] and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity.<ref name=fawcett/> In the [[Middle East]] the decade of globalization was marked by endless wars, intrusive US [[hegemony]], renewed economic dependency and continuing insecurity.<ref name= hinnebusch>{{cite book | author= Hinnebusch, Raymond | title= The International Politics of the Middle East | publisher= Manchester University Press| year=2003 | isbn=0-7190-5346-3}}</ref> Globalization was ushered into the [[Middle East]] by a war which gave the [[Western world|Western]] victors excessive power over the region <ref name= hinnebusch/> and created a violent [[anti-globalization]] struggle. As some authors argue, it has strengthened [[Islamic fundamentalism]] <ref name=griffel>{{Cite news| author= Griffel, Frank| title = Globalization and the Middle East: Part Two | newspaper = YaleGlobal| date = 21 January 2003| url = http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=771| format= | postscript= <!--None-->}} {{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> and, due to its ambiguity created a contradictory and tension filled situation.<ref name=kellner >{{cite book | author= Kellner, Douglas| title= "Globalization, Terrorism and Democracy : 9/11 and its Aftermath", in : Confronting Globalization : Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics | publisher= Basingstoke [etc.] : Palgrave Macmillan | year=2005 |pages = 172–188}}</ref> Globalization thus often acted as an obstacle rather than an impetus to [[democratization]]. |
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Against most expectations, the processes of globalization hence proved highly turbulent and have generated new conflicts, hostilities and exclusions throughout the world.<ref name=kellner/> Oppositional individuals and groups are now able to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media. |
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Against most expectations, the processes of globalization hence proved highly turbulent and have generated new conflicts, hostilities and exclusions throughout the world.<ref name=kellner/> Oppositional individuals and groups are now able to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media. |